The character of Jesus is central to Christianity
and claimed also by the Islamic religion.
For Christians Jesus is the triune God incarnate, the coeternal
logos. For Muslims he is a great prophet
with the power of healing and resurrection of the dead[1]. Whatever the similarities Jesus appears
fundamentally different between the two religions. Since they disagree on who he was the two
religions look to each their own different person. Suppose you and I had a mutual acquaintance
or I claimed as such. I start describing
this person in a way that is different than the person you know, though I know
a few stories about him. You would
(logically) conclude I have heard of this person, but certainly that I did not
know them. Such is the state of the
Muslims with Jesus. The major difference
between the two religions is Christological. In Christianity Christ is central,
Islam has no real Christology for he is of little import being only another in
a long line of prophets[2].
The virgin birth and his divinity are intrinsically linked. The account of Jesus’ birth is one point of many similarities between Christianity and Islam as well as many significant differences. Jesus was according to the Koran born virginally of his mother Mary. The Koran records the birth with an account similar to that found in Luke’s Gospel[3]. In the Muslim account the Angel Gabriel announces to Mary what Allah has done in her. Mary responds with the same questioning and acceptance as the Gospel account and Christ is announced as the Messiah (Surah an anbiyaa 21:91.)
The virgin birth and his divinity are intrinsically linked. The account of Jesus’ birth is one point of many similarities between Christianity and Islam as well as many significant differences. Jesus was according to the Koran born virginally of his mother Mary. The Koran records the birth with an account similar to that found in Luke’s Gospel[3]. In the Muslim account the Angel Gabriel announces to Mary what Allah has done in her. Mary responds with the same questioning and acceptance as the Gospel account and Christ is announced as the Messiah (Surah an anbiyaa 21:91.)
Jesus’ sonship however is thoroughly
denied in Islamic teachings. They are exhorted
that “god would never take to
himself or beget for himself a son”.
This strong denial of Christ’s divinity is at least in part because of
the religious paganism of Mecca in Muhammad’s day. Like Israel and Judah under its wicked kings
they worshiped a creator God with many other subordinated[4]. This is akin to a Christian sect worshiping
angels or saints, a form of Henotheism.
It could also (and no doubt is to some extent) be due to Mohammed’s
exposure to Christianity largely being to heretical sects such as the Ebionite, Eastern Monophysites, Nestorians and Docetists among other heretics. Muhammad seems to have a misunderstanding of
the trinity claiming it to be God the father, Jesus the son and Mary the mother
in Christian thought[5]
largely due to his tremendous misunderstanding and exposure to these groups[6].
Muhammad is thinking
of the Pagan God’s and they’re image for the pagan God’s of Mecca had families
and would beget carnally. What underlies
his repulsion is the belief that God would have to have physical relations with
Mary to beget a son, hence his hesitancy to even consider the term[7]. Christians too would shudder at the thought
of our God acting in such a way. But the
Christian trinity (Father, Son and Holy Spirit) is understood as eternal,
spiritual begetting and procession.
Christ never began to exist or became God, which is the logical
conclusion for Muslims in this light.
For Christians he is God and always has been though the Koran flatly
denies such a claim[8]. Worship of Mary however may be the source of Muhammad’s
ultimate complaint as it had gone from veneration to worship in the sects he
contacted.
This lack of an incarnation ties very strongly to the attributes of the God of Islam[9]. The Islamic God is almost entirely transcendent. What is important in Islam is God’s will not atonement. Islam does speak at length of sin and mercy but not guilt and love[10]. Mercy is earned, guilt would imply a state of being whereas sin is capable of being limited to an act or account. This has led to Islam being accused of being essentially deistic[11]. Mercy is seen as an essential of the God of Islam, but this God lacks the grace of the Christian God and any mention of grace at all. Mercy can be earned, grace is freely given underpinning the difference that Islam is a religion of works whereas Christianity is a religion of God making man righteous. The Islamic relationship is man seeking God, the Christian relationship shown in incarnation and salvation by Grace is God seeking man.
Christ is treated as a slave and a servant of God which reflects in the relationship a Muslim likewise has with God. A God who would never come down to man is likewise a God whose favor must be earned. He is not the loving God of Christians in the person of Jesus who came down in the flesh. Christ taught God as a loving father, very different from the radical monad that is the Muslim God[12]. Many Muslims are thus attracted to Jesus and the loving God he taught[13] before they are ever attracted to Christianity.
This lack of an incarnation ties very strongly to the attributes of the God of Islam[9]. The Islamic God is almost entirely transcendent. What is important in Islam is God’s will not atonement. Islam does speak at length of sin and mercy but not guilt and love[10]. Mercy is earned, guilt would imply a state of being whereas sin is capable of being limited to an act or account. This has led to Islam being accused of being essentially deistic[11]. Mercy is seen as an essential of the God of Islam, but this God lacks the grace of the Christian God and any mention of grace at all. Mercy can be earned, grace is freely given underpinning the difference that Islam is a religion of works whereas Christianity is a religion of God making man righteous. The Islamic relationship is man seeking God, the Christian relationship shown in incarnation and salvation by Grace is God seeking man.
Christ is treated as a slave and a servant of God which reflects in the relationship a Muslim likewise has with God. A God who would never come down to man is likewise a God whose favor must be earned. He is not the loving God of Christians in the person of Jesus who came down in the flesh. Christ taught God as a loving father, very different from the radical monad that is the Muslim God[12]. Many Muslims are thus attracted to Jesus and the loving God he taught[13] before they are ever attracted to Christianity.
This begs the
question however, as to why the virgin birth in Islam if it is of no
significance. Muslim’s do speak of great
upheaval spiritually and of demons shaking in terror[14]
at his birth. The devil himself who had
been able to travel all 7 layers of the heavens was afterwards confined to
three[15].
Though the Koran records that his
coming was so great that every idol the world fell over on its face[16]
the birth is robbed of its Christian significance. By Shiite tradition (hadith) Muhammad upon
entering Mecca in 630 AD when cleansing the icons and idols from the Kaaba left
those of the Virgin Mary and Jesus[17]. They are both held in high esteem, and one
tradition holds that Mary and Jesus are the only people never to be touched by Satan
upon his birth[18].
For Christians the virgin birth is essential.
It is God himself in the flesh come to
save his people from sin and death in the incarnation. For the Muslims however he is another prophet
with a unique birth, nothing more. Adam’s creation is considered greater as he was life from non-life and there
is no divinity in Jesus[19]. Jesus
is called the son of Mary as opposed to being addressed as the son of God in
the Koran, a strong denial of divinity[20]. The Muslim God would never “get his hands
dirty”[21]
with an incarnation, his transcendent station denies this. But since in Islam there is no original sin,
the need for a virgin birth is also negated.
Jesus in Byzantine art, one half of his face depicting his human nature, the second distorted to show his present divine nature.
Curiously he acts as a sort of
wunderkind in Islamic theology from childbirth acting as a prophet from birth[22] and
in the Shiite Hadith from the age of two on[23]. From the cradle Jesus could speak and
fulfilled prophetic duties in this way.
In Surah 19 reportedly after his birth and returning home, his mother
was accused of immorality[24]. Jesus speaks up in her defense and asserts
his station as prophet. This contrasts
with the Christian account when the child “grew in knowledge” as recorded in
Luke 2:52. Jesus in Islam in some ways
lacks the humanity as well as his divinity.
He is superpowered, but does not go through what we can consider a human
experience.
A depiction (forbidden at that) of Mary and Jesus in Islamic lore.
Naturally then he differed in
calling. Jesus in his prophetic role in
Islam came to enact another dispensation in God’s revelation[25]. This was to be shown in the Injil before they
were supposedly corrupted by Jesus’ followers.
Paul the Apostle often bears the brunt of this criticism. Paul’s initial reception by the Apostles is
oft cited[26]. Critics often claim that the adoptionists and
subordinations may have been the more accurate Christians before Paul’s
“corruption”[27]. However this overlooks Paul’s lack of reason
to suddenly convert to a faith he persecuted so harshly. Paul’s later kind words and the overall
acceptance of Paul by those who knew Christ further validates him (2 Peter
3:15). The objection that this was a later Pauline edit is ahistorical and fictitious, founded on an assumption that such must be the case as theology develops along Hegelian lines (thesis meets antithesis, producing a syncretism).
Contrary to Christian doctrine
Jesus’ mission in Islam was limited only to the Jewish nation. He is even called the Messiah in Arabic and
this was his role[28]
but it differs greatly from that as the Christian Christ. While a messenger he had no apparent purpose
outside of his prophetic role of turning back literal Israel (God’s will again
in focus). The term has no real deeper
meaning in Islam whereas Christ’s role as the anointed is thoroughly developed
in Christian circles[29]. This provides a strong opportunity to point
Muslims to the biblical definition and development of this.
Jesus is set apart from other prophets of Allah in that he never sinned[30]. While it is claimed men like Moses, Abraham
and Muhammad never sinned there are recorded instances of them committing sins
in the Koran. In spite of this Orthodox
(Sunni) Islam teaches that they somehow never sinned Jesus stands as the only one who was truly
sinless[31]. For the Christian this poses no contradiction
or problem. He came in Christian Christology as God, and remained sinless to be
the perfect and pure atonement. Islam contains the vestiges of his divinity in
his sinlessness without understanding the core of his character in this way.
Interestingly
Jesus is credited with performing many miracles including healing and
resurrection. Muhammad is credited with
the miracle of receiving the Koran but no such miracles. This facet of his character draws many Muslims
to Christ often before they come to Christianity[32].
Jesus claims to forgive sins in the Gospel (Matthew 9:6; Mark 2:9-11). For the Christian this makes perfect sense,
as God he can forgive sins, and so understood the Pharisees who hated
him for this. In Islam this story has no
explanation, and no reason for a prophet to have this power is given. Terms word and spirit are also credited to
him, but without divinity, him being created by divine fiat in the virgin birth[33].
The Muslim God is much like Arius’ God,
unable to share in substance and totally unique and so is excluding of Jesus’ divinity[34].
He is the word of God in that he
preaches, and a spirit sent from God[35]. Christianity in contrast proclaims him the
word, the logos. In the beginning the
word was with and was God, acting as the agent of creating.
His crucifixion is not just robbed of importance,
but even denied. There are several
prevailing theories about how it did not happen. Some say it was Peter, Judas or Simon of
Cyrene (the most common) made to appear as him and crucified in his place and
he was taken up in this so called substitute theory[36]. This of course demands that everyone including
his mother failed to recognize it was not him on the cross.[37] Often
cited is the Gospel of Barnabas which proclaims Judas was crucified in his
place[38]. This is an odd argument to make, considering
these were written not in the 1st century by his associates, and
also were excluded from the canon because they weren’t orthodox and imitate
heavily the heresy Docetism. Some Muslims
even claim the Docetics’ as the original account. Of course this whole scenario of fooling people, means Allah also unintentionally started Christianity.
The theory that Jesus passed out appearing dead
(swoon theory) is the second most popular.
Even the possibility that it was merely an illusion has been stated in
Islamic circles. But the Koran does not appear to deny
his crucifixion, merely that the Jews performed it[39]. Some
Muslims theologians posit that Allah himself may have taken his servant back like
Moses (4:157) avoiding the shame of having a prophet murdered[40]. Often Apocryphal writings are used to combat
Christian doctrine, claimed to be early church theology before it was
corrupted. Without the death and
resurrection that accomplished there is no atonement or redemption in Islam[41]. Allah simply abrogates his law and has no
satisfaction to his justice. Without the
cross theology falls apart.
Notable Islamic scholars have struggled with the
crucifixion as well allowing for the very real possibility that Jesus was in
fact crucified and died. In spite of all
this doubt it has remained orthodox to deny his crucifixion. This largely stems from the perceived insult
to Allah that his prophet should die and in a way so public and humiliating. Christians are guilty of falling into a cross
heavy theology, missing or neglecting the victory in the resurrection. Islam gets caught on this much the same way
seeing only the shame of the cross they miss the Christian demonstration of
God’s victory and power that is found in the resurrection[42].
Christ still in Islamm as he does in Christianity plays a very vital role in eschatology, albeit it not at the center in Islam. Jesus is expected in Islamic Shiite eschatology to return before the 12th Imam (the Mahdi) and descend on Damascus, not Mount Olivet in Jerusalem as in Christianity. All Muslims expect Christ to return and burn all the churches, break the cross[43], kill the pig, end the Jamya (tax on non-Muslims) and force all of the world (namely Christians) to turn to worshiping Allah. He will show them of their offence and how he is not God but a prophet. Jesus is expected to be asked to lead prayer after vanquishing Islam’s enemies and show humility by letting the 12th Imam lead prayers instead.[44]His coming ironically is eagerly awaited and expected.
There is as has been noted, a tremendous difficulty reconciling his return with the stated belief that he never died. There is no explanation for the resurrection, Christ’s appearances or his ascension without Christian understanding[45]. There is no explanation as to why he would be immortal or be the agent of judgment other than to witness against the Christians. This also leaves the question of with Jesus alive and a prophet what reason there is follow Muhammad as prophet since in Islam there can only be one at a time. The bible is quite clear; Christ died for our transgressions, was buried and raised on the third day. He will return to judge the earth and his kingdom will be realized on earth in it's fullness.
Christ still in Islamm as he does in Christianity plays a very vital role in eschatology, albeit it not at the center in Islam. Jesus is expected in Islamic Shiite eschatology to return before the 12th Imam (the Mahdi) and descend on Damascus, not Mount Olivet in Jerusalem as in Christianity. All Muslims expect Christ to return and burn all the churches, break the cross[43], kill the pig, end the Jamya (tax on non-Muslims) and force all of the world (namely Christians) to turn to worshiping Allah. He will show them of their offence and how he is not God but a prophet. Jesus is expected to be asked to lead prayer after vanquishing Islam’s enemies and show humility by letting the 12th Imam lead prayers instead.[44]His coming ironically is eagerly awaited and expected.
There is as has been noted, a tremendous difficulty reconciling his return with the stated belief that he never died. There is no explanation for the resurrection, Christ’s appearances or his ascension without Christian understanding[45]. There is no explanation as to why he would be immortal or be the agent of judgment other than to witness against the Christians. This also leaves the question of with Jesus alive and a prophet what reason there is follow Muhammad as prophet since in Islam there can only be one at a time. The bible is quite clear; Christ died for our transgressions, was buried and raised on the third day. He will return to judge the earth and his kingdom will be realized on earth in it's fullness.
The Muslim Jesus bears many similarities, no doubt
borrowed from Christian, albeit heretical scripture and tradition. They lack a proper Christology, but
remarkably in their tradition and scriptures retain much of Jesus’ history. In
spite of this they lack knowledge of who he is, only knowing some of what he’s
done. These point to his divinity and a
Christian Christology which is overlooked and even denied but that is latent. Only with a Christian theology is there a
loving and immanent God, the cross being rightly called the missing link in Muslim
creed. Without a triune God, God cannot
relate or love[46]. The Christ’s of Islam and
Christianity are indeed two fundamentally different beings. Robbed of the
incarnation, Islam is about man seeking after God. Christianity has the greater and only hope in
Jesus, God seeking (and finding) man.
Bibliography
J. Dudley Woodberry, Russell G. Shubin,
and G. Marks, Why
Muslims Follow Jesus,
The results of a recent survey of converts from Islam. Christianity today, October 24, 2007,
Warren Larson, Jesus in Islam and Christianity, Missiology: An International Review, Vol. XXXVI, no. 3,(July 2008)
Anthony McRoy, The Christ of Shia Islam,
Evangelical Review of Theology, (2006) 30:4, 340
Dirks, Jerald F. “The Abrahamic faiths: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, similarities and contrasts. Beltsville Maryland. Amana publication, (2004)
Dirks, Jerald F. “The Abrahamic faiths: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, similarities and contrasts. Beltsville Maryland. Amana publication, (2004)
[1] J. Dudley Woodberry, Russell G. Shubin, and G. Marks,
Why Muslims Follow Jesus, 82
The results of a recent survey of converts from Islam. Christianity today, October 24, 2007, 8
[2] Warren Larson, Jesus in Islam and Christianity, Missiology: An International Review, Vol. XXXVI, no. 3, July 2008, 328
[3] Anthony
McRoy, The Christ of Shia Islam, Evangelical
Review of Theology 2006, 30:4, 340
[4] Zwemer
69
[5] Zwemer
69
[6] Zwemer
70
[7]
Larson 332
[8]
Larson 331
[10] Zwemer
66
[11]
Zwemer 66
[12]
Zwemer 66
[13]
CT 81
[14]
McRoy 345
[15]
McRoy 345
[16]
Larson or McRoy
[17]
Larson 327
[18]
Larson 327
[19]
McRoy 341
[20] Larson 329
[21]
McRoy
[22]
Larson 329
[23]
McRoy345
[24]
Larson 328
[25]
McRoy 341
[26] Dirks, Jerald F. “The Abrahamic faiths: Judaism, Christianity
and Islam, similarities and contrasts. Beltsville Maryland. Amana
publication, 2004, pg95
[27]
Abe 112
[28]
Larson 330
[29]
Larson 330
[30]
Larson
[31]
Larson 332
[32]
CT 83
[33]
McRoy 341
[34]
Dirks 114
[35]
Larson 331
[36]
Larson 333
[37]
Larson 335
[38]
Dirks 98
[39]
McRoy 341
[40]
McRoy 341
[41]
Zwemer 75
[42]
Larson 333
[43]
Larson 335
[44]McRoy
350
[45]
Larson 336
[46]
Zwemer 75